History of euclid pdf

Is the parallel postulate true
The joy of geometry pdf
Parallel lines in euclidean geometry

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Euclid's Elements

Mathematical treatise by Euclid

The Elements (Ancient Greek: ΣτοιχεῖαStoikheîa) is a mathematicaltreatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematicianEuclidc. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. Elements is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century.

Euclid's Elements has been referred to as the most successful^[a]^[b] and influential^[c]textbook ever written. It was one of the very earliest mathematical works to be printed after the invention of the printing press and has been estimated to be second only to the Bible in the number of editions published since the first printing in 1482, the number reaching well over one thousand.^&

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JewishEncyclopedia.com

The science that treats of the measurement of quantities and the ascertainment of their properties and relations. The necessity of studying astronomy for calendric purposes caused the ancient Hebrews to cultivate various branches of mathematics, especially arithmetic and geometry, applications of which are frequent in the Mishnah and Talmud. With regard to arithmetic there occur the four rules, in both whole numbers and fractions; even the decimal system is alluded to by Rabba, who says that the Persians called the number 10 "one" (Ber. 60a). As to geometry, the treatises 'Erubin, Kelim, Ohalot, etc., contain many applications of planometry and stereometry. The terms "bigon," "trigon," "tetragon," and "pentagon" are found several times in the Talmud, both in their geometrical sense, signifying a figure of two, three, four, or five angles, and in their arithmetical sense, expressing the numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5. As early as the forty-ninth "middot" of R. Nathan 3 1/7 to 1 is given as the relation between the circumference and the diameter of a circle. The na

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Theodosius' Spherics

Ancient Greek spherical geometry treatise

The Spherics (Greek: τὰ σφαιρικά, tà sphairiká) is a three-volume treatise on spherical geometry written by the Hellenistic mathematicianTheodosius of Bithynia in the 2nd or 1st century BC.

Book I and the first half of Book II establish basic geometric constructions needed for spherical geometry using the tools of Euclideansolid geometry, while the second half of Book II and Book III contain propositions relevant to astronomy as modeled by the celestial sphere.

Primarily consisting of theorems which were known at least informally a couple centuries earlier, the Spherics was a foundational treatise for geometers and astronomers from its origin until the 19th century. It was continuously studied and copied in Greek manuscript for more than a millennium. It was translated into Arabic in the 9th century during the Islamic Golden Age, and thence translated into Latinin 12th century Iberia, though the text and diagrams were somewhat corrupted. In the 16th century printed editions in Greek were published along